Below are answer explanations to the 3rd full-length Reading test of the released practice Digital ACT test.

The 3rd Digital ACT Reading test questions are explained below. Other answer explanations in this series of articles:

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Answer Explanations to the 3rd Digital ACT Reading Practice Test

Passage I – “Anousheh Ansari and Ellen Ullman”

Question 1, “A main idea of the first paragraph of Passage A (lines 1–17) is that the:” The correct answer is B: “narrator’s childhood imagination was unfettered and drawn to fantastical possibilities.”

  • The first paragraph of Passage A emphasizes Ansari’s fascination with space exploration, science fiction, and seemingly limitless possibilities during her childhood. She imagines traveling through wormholes, exploring other civilizations, and living in a future filled with extraordinary technology. Choice B correctly captures this central idea of an unrestricted imagination. Choice A mentions her immigration to the United States without knowing English, but this is only a brief introductory detail. Choice C incorrectly suggests that she always intended to pursue electrical engineering, when her childhood ambition was to become an astronaut. Choice D is unsupported because the passage does not indicate that her childhood fantasies caused dissatisfaction with her later engineering career.

Question 2, “In the context of Passage B, the narrator uses the words ‘traps’ (line 65) and ‘hissing snakes’ (line 75) primarily to emphasize:” The correct answer is H: “her initial frustration and dismay with the pitfalls inherent in early BASIC code.”

  • The narrator describes the confusing structure of early BASIC programming, particularly how its commands and variables made programs difficult to organize and understand. Her comparison of the code to “hissing snakes” emphasizes how intimidating and frustrating these complications initially seemed. Choice H correctly identifies this sense of frustration. Choice F exaggerates her reaction by suggesting that she experienced a debilitating fear of computers, even though she explicitly states that she was not afraid of machines. Choice G focuses on triumph and bravery rather than the difficulties illustrated by these metaphors. Choice J is incorrect because the narrator persevered through her struggles instead of abandoning her efforts.

Question 3, “Passage B indicates that the narrator recalls telling herself that compared to the subtleties of the timeline in Macbeth, the variables in her programming code were:” The correct answer is A: “less confusing.”

  • In Passage B, the narrator recalls that Shakespeare’s Macbeth contains a complicated treatment of time, with events and characters’ perceptions of past, present, and future becoming intertwined. She reassures herself that if she could understand those complexities, the tangled structure of her programming code should be manageable by comparison. Choice A correctly interprets this reasoning: she considered the code less confusing than the play’s timeline. Choice B and Choice D reverse the comparison by suggesting that the code was more maddening or more complex. Choice C is incorrect because the narrator compares the difficulty of understanding the two subjects, not how exciting they are.

Question 4, “As it is used in line 90, the word decent most nearly means:” The correct answer is G: “adequate.”

  • The narrator describes finally getting her first “decent little program” running after struggling to learn programming. In this context, “decent” means that the program was satisfactory or functional, even if it was relatively simple. Choice G (“adequate”) most closely captures this meaning. Choice F (“honorable”), Choice H (“decorous”), and Choice J (“upstanding”) all describe moral character, proper behavior, or respectability. These meanings do not apply to the quality of a computer program. The narrator is expressing satisfaction that she successfully created something that worked, making “adequate” the most appropriate interpretation.

Question 5, “According to the narrator of Passage B, the first program she successfully coded consisted of:” The correct answer is D: “graphs showing the amplitudes of a bouncing ball.”

  • Near the end of Passage B, the narrator explicitly describes her first successful program as producing graphs that used x’s to represent the decreasing amplitudes of a bouncing ball. Choice D accurately restates this detail. Choice A refers to repairing a carburetor, but the narrator mentions that experience only as a comparison for the satisfaction she felt when her program worked. Choice B draws on the passage’s discussion of a black-and-white computer screen but incorrectly suggests that her program displayed videos. Choice C confuses the lines and arrows she drew on paper to understand her code with the actual program she completed.

Question 6, “Both passages can best be described as being told from the point of view of a first person narrator who:” The correct answer is F: “reflects on her beginnings in a technical field.”

  • Both passages feature women reflecting on their early experiences with technical work. In Passage A, Ansari explains how she studied electrical engineering, began working in telecommunications, and eventually pursued entrepreneurship. In Passage B, Ullman recalls her initial attempts to learn computer programming and the challenges she overcame. Choice F captures this shared focus on the beginnings of their technical pursuits. Choice G is too narrow because Ansari does not emphasize numerous professional obstacles. Choice H is incorrect because neither passage primarily evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of technical careers. Choice J does not apply to both narrators, as Ullman does not attribute her interest in programming to a childhood hobby.

Question 7, “Which of the following statements best describes a main difference in the focus of the passages?” The correct answer is C: “Passage A provides an overview of multiple significant periods in the narrator’s life and career, whereas Passage B relates a single brief period that strongly impacted the narrator.”

  • Passage A covers several stages of Ansari’s life, including her childhood in Iran, immigration to the United States, education, engineering career, and decision to become an entrepreneur. In contrast, Passage B concentrates primarily on Ullman’s first few months learning computer programming. Choice C correctly identifies this difference in narrative scope. Choice A incorrectly characterizes Ansari’s childhood interest as specifically focused on engineering and Ullman’s initial difficulties as a general disdain for programming. Choice B places too much emphasis on Ansari starting a company and incorrectly treats outdated technology as Passage B’s main subject. Choice D overlooks the broader career narrative in Passage A and mischaracterizes Passage B as an account of Ullman’s first job.

Question 8, “Which of the following quotations from Passage A best reflects a main theme of Passage B?” The correct answer is G: “Everything is a puzzle to be solved” (line 16).

  • Passage B emphasizes the narrator’s determination to understand computer programming despite repeated failures and confusing obstacles. She approaches programming as a difficult problem that she can eventually solve through persistence and experimentation. Choice G reflects this central theme by presenting challenges as puzzles that invite solutions. Choice F concerns Ansari’s childhood fascination with futuristic technology rather than the process of solving problems. Choice H describes an unexpected change in life direction, which is not the central focus of Passage B. Choice J emphasizes learning about the corporate world, whereas Passage B centers on acquiring a technical skill independently.

Question 9, “Based on the passages, both narrators can best be characterized as:” The correct answer is C: “ambitious and perseverant.”

  • Both narrators demonstrate ambition and persistence as they pursue challenging technical endeavors. Ansari works full-time while studying engineering and later takes the risk of starting a business, while Ullman dedicates extensive time and effort to mastering programming despite her repeated frustrations. Choice C best captures these shared qualities. Choice A (“brash and defiant”) exaggerates their attitudes, particularly Ansari’s. Choice B (“anxious but capable”) does not accurately characterize both narrators, since anxiety is not a defining feature of Ansari’s account. Choice D (“courageous but cautious”) is also inappropriate because both women demonstrate a willingness to take risks rather than an emphasis on caution.

Passage II – “Additive and Subtractive Problem-Solving”

Question 10, “Based on the passage, which of the following statements best summarizes the progression of Adams and Klotz’s research?” The correct answer is G: “They formed a hypothesis and conducted observational studies; then they conducted experiments to consider the issue more rigorously.”

  • The passage explains that Adams and Klotz first hypothesized that people tend to favor adding elements over removing them when solving problems. They then conducted observational studies to establish whether this tendency existed before performing controlled experiments to investigate its causes. Choice G correctly presents this sequence. Choice F incorrectly places experiments before the hypothesis and observational studies. Choice H suggests that their investigation began with a review of academic literature, even though the researchers explicitly state that little existing literature addressed the phenomenon. Choice J incorrectly suggests that the hypothesis was developed after the observational studies rather than before them.

Question 11, “The main function of the first paragraph (lines 1–10) is to:” The correct answer is D: “portray the genesis of Adams and Klotz’s investigation of additive and subtractive solutions.”

  • The first paragraph explains how Klotz noticed that minimalist designs were uncommon and contacted Adams to explore a possible psychological explanation. It then introduces their hypothesis that people naturally favor additive solutions over subtractive ones. Choice D correctly identifies the paragraph’s function: explaining how the investigation originated. Choice A focuses too narrowly on the researchers’ professional relationship, which is mentioned only as background. Choice B incorrectly characterizes the paragraph as an anecdote demonstrating minimalist design. Choice C suggests that Adams revised an existing research plan, but the paragraph instead describes the initial development of their shared research question.

Question 12, “It can most reasonably be inferred from the passage that study participants would be most likely to choose a subtractive solution after receiving which of the following prompts?” The correct answer is F: “Adding elements will incur penalties, but removing elements will incur no penalties.”

  • The passage describes an experiment in which participants were more likely to remove blocks when explicitly told that removing them was free while adding blocks cost money. Nearly two-thirds of the group receiving this information chose subtraction, compared with 41 percent of participants who were told only about the cost of adding blocks. Choice F most closely matches the more effective prompt. Choice G omits the important information that removal carries no penalty. Choice H introduces penalties for both approaches, which would not specifically encourage subtraction. Choice J removes the financial distinction entirely and does not draw participants’ attention to subtraction as an advantageous option.

Question 13, “In the context of the passage, lines 65–67 mainly function to:” The correct answer is D: “further bolster the finding that people tend to automatically choose additive solutions—even if such solutions are less efficient.”

  • Lines 65–67 clarify that removing blocks was the more efficient solution in both experiments being discussed. This detail strengthens the researchers’ finding that people often overlook subtraction even when it offers a better approach. Choice D correctly identifies this function. Choice A incorrectly suggests that these lines explain the researchers’ reasons for designing the experiments, rather than the significance of their results. Choice B confuses efficiency with the problems being quick or easy to solve. Choice C interprets the statement as advice about how people should solve problems, when its actual purpose is to reinforce the researchers’ observations about how people behave.

Question 14, “As it is used in line 13, the word extent most nearly means:” The correct answer is J: “degree.”

  • The researchers wanted to determine “whether, and to what extent,” people overlooked subtraction when solving problems. In this context, “extent” refers to how much or to what degree the tendency occurred. Choice J (“degree”) most accurately expresses this meaning. Choice F (“distance”) refers to physical separation rather than the magnitude of a behavior. Choice G (“reach”) typically refers to how far something extends or its influence. Choice H (“scope”) concerns the breadth or range of something, rather than specifically how strongly or frequently the tendency appeared. The researchers were measuring the degree of the bias, making Choice J the most precise answer.

Question 15, “In the passage, the observation that participants simultaneously juggling another task were less likely to choose a subtractive solution is used to support which of the following claims?” The correct answer is A: “Subtractive solutions may require more effort to conceive than additive solutions.”

  • The passage explains that participants who had to perform an additional mental task were less likely to identify subtractive solutions. This finding suggests that considering subtraction requires more cognitive effort, so participants with divided attention are less likely to recognize it. Choice A correctly identifies this conclusion. Choice B is incorrect because the passage indicates that subtractive solutions were sometimes more efficient, not less. Choice C describes the broader tendency observed in the research but does not explain the significance of the additional mental task. Choice D goes beyond the evidence by suggesting that subtractive solutions themselves are generally more complicated, rather than simply requiring more effort to recognize.

Question 16, “As it relates to the passage, one main function of the table is to:” The correct answer is H: “quantify people’s bias in favor of additive solutions over subtractive ones.”

  • The table presents percentages of additive, subtractive, and other changes across five different tasks. In every task, additive changes are substantially more common than subtractive changes, providing numerical evidence of the bias described in the passage. Choice H correctly identifies this function. Choice F is incorrect because the table measures how frequently solutions were chosen, not how effective those solutions were. Choice G suggests that the table explains the conceptual differences between adding and subtracting, which it does not. Choice J incorrectly claims that the table establishes the psychological explanation for the bias, when the data primarily demonstrate that the bias exists.

Question 17, “Based on the passage and the table, does the information in the table support the claim in lines 32–33?” The correct answer is A: “Yes, because the table indicates that for all five tasks, the percentage of additive changes far exceeded the percentage of subtractive ones.”

  • Lines 32–33 state that the vast majority of participants chose to add rather than remove elements when modifying various things. The table supports this claim: additive changes range from 51 percent to 80 percent across the five tasks, while subtractive changes range from 8 percent to 31 percent. Choice A correctly identifies the consistent difference between these categories. Choice B accurately notes that additive changes account for at least 51 percent of each task, but it does not directly compare additive and subtractive choices, making it less effective. Choice C focuses on the unrelated comparison between subtractive and “other” changes. Choice D incorrectly suggests that additive and subtractive percentages were similar for some tasks.

Question 18, “Based on the table, the two tasks with the highest percentages of subtraction changes excluding other changes are:” The correct answer is H: “edit someone else’s essay and improve a day-trip itinerary.”

  • The final column of the table lists the percentage of subtractive changes after excluding changes classified as “other.” Editing someone else’s essay has the highest percentage at 32 percent, followed by improving a day-trip itinerary at 28 percent. Choice H correctly identifies these two tasks. Choice F includes making a symmetrical pattern (20 percent) and editing one’s own essay (17 percent), neither of which ranks in the top two. Choice G includes editing one’s own essay, which has the lowest percentage. Choice J includes improving an itinerary but incorrectly pairs it with making a symmetrical pattern rather than editing someone else’s essay.

Passage III – “Edward O. Wilson on Subspecies and Character Displacement”

Question 19, “In the context of the passage, the author uses the butterfly example to support the claim that:” The correct answer is A: “geographic variation within a species should be analyzed trait by trait.”

  • The author describes how butterfly characteristics vary independently across geographical regions: color changes from east to west, size changes from north to south, and wing patterns vary in particular localities. Because different characteristics produce different geographical divisions, defining subspecies using combinations of traits can become arbitrary. Choice A correctly identifies the author’s argument that individual traits offer a more informative basis for analysis. Choice B incorrectly suggests that geographical variation does not exist, despite the passage providing examples of it. Choice C reverses the author’s argument by suggesting that subspecies classifications are essential. Choice D introduces an unsupported comparison between researchers and taxonomists.

Question 20, “The passage makes clear that which of the following groups demonstrates the effects of hybridization?” The correct answer is F: “The Felis concolor subspecies.”

  • The passage identifies the Florida panther as a subspecies of Felis concolor and explains that this population has been altered by hybridization with panthers of South American origin. Choice F therefore correctly identifies a group that demonstrates the effects of hybridization. Choices G and H refer to bald eagles, which the author discusses only as examples of subspecies classification. Choice J refers to the ant genus Lasius, which the author studied while investigating character displacement. The passage does not present the ants as an example of hybridization.

Question 21, “Which event mentioned in the passage occurred last chronologically?” The correct answer is A: “Peter and Rosemary Grant and their students conducted a field study of finches.”

  • The passage provides several dates associated with research on biological classification and character displacement. Darwin’s observations of Galápagos finches occurred in the nineteenth century, David Lack’s study was published in 1947, and the author and Brown published their report on character displacement in 1956. Peter and Rosemary Grant conducted their research during the 1970s and 1980s, making their work the most recent of the listed events. Choice A is therefore correct. Choices B and D refer to research completed in 1947 and 1956, respectively, while Choice C refers to Darwin’s much earlier observations.

Question 22, “In the passage, the author describes the work of Darwin, Lack, and the Grants with what can best be described as:” The correct answer is G: “admiration.”

  • The author praises the work of Darwin, Lack, and the Grants by describing their investigations of Galápagos finches as three of the best field studies in the history of evolutionary biology. This positive assessment clearly expresses admiration, making Choice G correct. Choice F (“envy”) is unsupported because the author does not express resentment or jealousy toward these researchers. Choice H (“disbelief”) contradicts his praise of their scientific accomplishments. Choice J (“nostalgia”) suggests sentimental longing for the past, which is not the tone of this discussion. The author is recognizing the significance of their research rather than reflecting emotionally on earlier times.

Question 23, “Based on the author’s butterfly example, how would a butterfly from the south of a set geographic area compare to a butterfly from the north of that set geographic area?” The correct answer is A: “It would be smaller in size.”

  • The passage explicitly states that butterfly size decreases from north to south. Consequently, a butterfly from the southern portion of the geographical area would be smaller than one from the northern portion. Choice A correctly applies this information. Choice B contradicts the stated size variation by suggesting that the butterflies would be equal in size. Choices C and D incorrectly suggest that the southern butterfly would be larger. Additionally, both choices introduce claims about color that cannot be inferred from a north–south comparison, since the passage explains that butterfly color varies from east to west.

Question 24, “In the context of the passage, the metaphorical phrase ‘tempest of controversy’ (lines 36–37) most nearly suggests that the author and Brown’s critique:” The correct answer is H: “created an uproar in the scientific community.”

  • The phrase “tempest of controversy” compares the reaction to the researchers’ critique to a powerful storm, emphasizing the intensity of the resulting scientific debate. Choice H correctly interprets the metaphor as indicating that their arguments provoked a significant uproar. Choice F incorrectly suggests that the controversy arose because the critique was incomplete or confusing, which the passage does not establish. Choice G directly contradicts the metaphor by suggesting that the criticism received little attention. Choice J misinterprets the controversy as evidence that the authors were unnecessarily hostile toward other scientists, rather than that their ideas challenged established practices.

Question 25, “Which of the following descriptions best summarizes the difference between hybridization and character displacement as they are presented in the passage?” The correct answer is B: “Hybridization occurs when two species exchange genes where they meet; character displacement occurs when two species repel one another where they meet.”

  • The author defines hybridization as a process in which two species exchange genes where they encounter one another, making them more similar. Character displacement, by contrast, occurs when species diverge or become more distinct where they meet. Choice B accurately summarizes this distinction. Choice A reverses the two processes. Choice C incorrectly describes character displacement as an exchange of genes rather than a divergence between species. Choice D introduces a sequence in which species first exchange genes and then repel one another, or vice versa, but the passage describes the processes as contrasting phenomena rather than consecutive stages.

Question 26, “According to the passage, the author first came across the character displacement phenomenon when he was studying:” The correct answer is G: “ants.”

  • The author explicitly states that he first encountered character displacement while studying the ant genus Lasius for his doctoral dissertation. Choice G correctly identifies the organisms involved in his original observation. Choice F (“finches”) refers to the birds studied by Darwin, Lack, and the Grants, whose work helped establish the broader significance of character displacement. Choice H (“butterflies”) refers to the hypothetical example used earlier to explain the difficulties of subspecies classification. Choice J (“eagles”) refers to another example of taxonomic classification. Neither butterflies nor eagles are identified as the organisms involved in the author’s initial discovery.

Question 27, “Based on the passage, what two factors cause character displacement?” The correct answer is A: “Competition between species and active avoidance of hybridization.”

  • In the final sentence, the author explains that character displacement can result from either competition between species or the active avoidance of hybridization. Choice A directly identifies these two causes. Choice B is incorrect because active hybridization involves genetic exchange, while character displacement can occur when species avoid such exchange. Choices C and D incorrectly identify geographical diversity as a cause, even though the passage does not list it as one of the mechanisms responsible for character displacement. Choice D also incorrectly includes active hybridization. Choice A is the only option that accurately reflects both causes identified by the author.

Passage IV – “Victor Quijada and the Rubberbandance Group”

Question 28, “The main idea of the first paragraph (lines 1–10) is that:” The correct answer is J: “Quijada’s brilliance as a dancer and choreographer with the Rubberbandance Group electrifies audiences.”

  • The first paragraph describes Victor Quijada’s remarkable physical abilities, innovative choreography, and energetic combination of hip hop, contemporary dance, and classical ballet. It concludes by describing the enthusiastic response of his audiences. Choice J captures the paragraph’s overall emphasis on his artistic skill and the excitement of his performances. Choice F focuses too narrowly on relationships within his choreography, which are only one element of his work. Choice G isolates a specific detail about his movement rather than summarizing the paragraph. Choice H suggests that Quijada has fully achieved his artistic goals, which the paragraph does not establish.

Question 29, “The details about how Quijada moves his solar plexus and limbs mainly serve to:” The correct answer is C: “help the reader imagine what Quijada’s dancing looks like.”

  • The author describes Quijada’s movements as concentrated in his solar plexus while his upper back and limbs remain free. These physical details give readers a clearer visual impression of his distinctive dancing style. Choice C correctly identifies this descriptive purpose. Choice A is incorrect because the passage does not use these details to compare his current style with earlier stages of his career. Choice B is unsupported because the movements are not contrasted with those of other members of his group. Choice D incorrectly suggests that the description explains how his movements communicate a narrative, when the focus is on their physical appearance.

Question 30, “The passage indicates that which of the following is an unexpected aspect of the Rubberbandance Group’s performances?” The correct answer is F: “The moments of tenderness and humor.”

  • The passage describes how Quijada combines the raw energy of hip hop with the technique and storytelling of concert dance, producing unexpected moments of tenderness and humor. Choice F directly identifies these surprising elements. Choice G refers to performance venues, which are discussed later but are not characterized as unexpected. Choice H focuses on the dancers’ ages, which the passage does not identify as a surprising feature of their performances. Choice J refers to audience participation, but the passage describes enthusiastic audience reactions rather than audiences actively participating in the dances. Only Choice F identifies the unexpected artistic qualities highlighted by the author.

Question 31, “The author’s claim that some of the Rubberbandance Group’s work is not perfect is supported by:” The correct answer is C: “the suggestion that other dancers cannot interpret Quijada’s ideas as well as he can.”

  • The author explains that Quijada remains the most effective interpreter of his own choreography and continues searching for better ways to teach his dancers. This suggests that the other performers have not yet fully mastered his distinctive combination of dance styles. Choice C correctly identifies the limitation supporting the author’s observation. Choice A misinterprets the reference to the “raw freedom” of popping, which describes a stylistic quality rather than a flaw. Choice B introduces an unsupported comparison between Quijada’s charisma and that of his dancers. Choice D is incorrect because the passage does not cite negative critical reviews as evidence of the group’s imperfections.

Question 32, “According to the passage, the most momentous learning experience Quijada has had to date was with:” The correct answer is J: “Twyla Tharp Dance.”

  • The passage states that Quijada’s opportunity to work with Twyla Tharp launched his biggest learning experience to date. As the only member of the company without formal ballet training, he had to develop his technical abilities rapidly to perform alongside trained dancers. Choice J correctly identifies this experience. Choice F refers to the Rudy Perez Performance Ensemble, where Quijada performed before joining Tharp’s company. Choice H refers to Les Grands Ballets Canadiens de Montréal, which he joined afterward. Choice G refers to the Rubberbandance Group, which Quijada founded later in his career. None of these other experiences is identified as his most significant learning opportunity.

Question 33, “According to the passage, Quijada’s sense of not fitting in led to his:” The correct answer is D: “critical approach to all varieties of dance.”

  • The passage explains that Quijada often felt like an outsider, whether he was a break dancer among ballet performers or a classical dancer among break dancers. This experience led him to evaluate different dance traditions critically and develop high expectations for artistic performance. Choice D correctly identifies this result. Choice A refers to teaching dance, but the passage does not present this as a direct consequence of his sense of isolation. Choice B suggests that he became particularly receptive to criticism of his own work, which is not the relationship described. Choice C introduces empathy for other outsiders, a quality that the passage does not explicitly connect to his experiences.

Question 34, “According to the passage, which of the following statements most accurately represents Quijada’s judgment about dance in general and his own work specifically?” The correct answer is H: “He is not often satisfied with performances.”

  • The passage describes Quijada as someone who constantly examines different forms of dance and is rarely satisfied with either the performances he watches or his own choreography. His comment about being inspired by the lack of good dance reinforces his demanding artistic standards. Choice H accurately summarizes this attitude. Choice F incorrectly suggests that he identifies relationships as the central theme of most dance. Choice G introduces an unsupported criticism of younger dancers. Choice J suggests that his dissatisfaction concerns the amount of critical attention dance receives, rather than the quality of performances themselves.

Question 35, “According to the passage, soon after the Rubberbandance Group was founded, it received attention from the public because it:” The correct answer is A: “was unlike other dance groups.”

  • The passage explains that Quijada’s early experiments combining hip hop and ballet were initially awkward because the dancers were unfamiliar with one another’s techniques. Nevertheless, the group attracted immediate public and critical attention precisely because its combination of styles was so unusual. Choice A correctly identifies this distinctiveness as the reason for its early recognition. Choice B refers to awards received the following year, after the group had already attracted attention. Choice C mentions the awkwardness of its experiments but mistakes that difficulty for the reason audiences found the group interesting. Choice D refers to international performances that occurred later in its development.

Question 36, “The prediction that in the future Quijada will include more choreography using pointe shoes is presented as the perspective of:” The correct answer is F: “Plamondon.”

  • The final paragraph explains that Anne Plamondon, the only dancer in the group who had performed Quijada’s choreography in pointe shoes, predicted that he would incorporate more pointe work as his dancers became more comfortable with his style. Choice F correctly identifies her as the source of this prediction. Choice G refers to Quijada himself, who expresses broader ambitions for the development of his company but does not make this specific prediction. Choice H refers to Twyla Tharp, whose influence appears earlier in Quijada’s career. Choice J refers to Rudy Perez, another figure associated with his earlier dance training. Neither Tharp nor Perez is connected to the prediction about future pointe work.

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